The Effects of Politics on Fiscal Policy over the Last Seven Business Cycles :: Macroeconomics Research Paper

Abstract Being an election year, all you hear is the incoming presidential nominee bashing the policies of the current president. Of all of the administration policy, his economic stance, the health of the economy under his administration, and this fiscal policy are among the most prevalent. Does the possibility of losing an election affect how administration reacts to a recession? This paper shows that out of the last seven business cycles, during the last five, politics does not seem to be an issue when administrations consider what needs to be done to boost the economy. Though Kennedy and Nixon both tried to use fiscal policy to further their own position and ensure re-election, the administrations of late have understood that the economy is not a re-election tool and that what-ever need to be done to bring us out of a recession is necessary, even if it means they may risk not getting reelected. Reelection be Damned One might wonder how politics plays into fiscal policy. Does the possibility of not getting reelected affect the choices a president makes? No, in fact, the administrations of the last seven business cycles usually make fiscal policy decisions that prove to be political suicide, yet are best for the economy. Started with the farthest back, John F. Kennedy is an exception to this rule. In his campaign, he promised tax cuts, but by the time congress got around to it, the economy was obviously expanding. Seeing as this would be embarrassing to the administration, congress went ahead and approved the unnecessary tax cut. Richard Nixon, whose reelection was a non issue due to his resignation, also played the political game. Though his administration say that wage/price control would be ineffective at controlling inflation, they went ahead and implemented them with the goal of â€Å"gently tighten monetary and fiscal policy, which they thought would bring down inflation without a big incr ease in unemployment† (Hebert, 1984, 4). This proved to be detrimental anyway because wile people expected prices to stabilize, they failed to realize that this meant that the prices they charged would stop rising as well. Ronald Reagan took a huge leap of faith when his administration introduced supply-side economics. Although it didn’t work in the way that he wanted it to, it helped greatly to boost the economy. However, had it been a horrible flop, His administration would have been highly chastised for it.

Informative Speech Outline Essay

* Introduction Attention getter * Are you proud to be a Malaysian? Well, I’m proud to be a Malaysian but what happened recently make me thinking? Our country, Malaysia has become a very popular and favourite spot for dumping, not the usual garbage dumping but it is – the baby dumping. Baby dumping means the act of throwing away the babies at any place without taken care the babies. Based on Bukit Aman Police Headquarters statistics, it was found a total of 580 babies were found dumped between years 2000-2006. This number of cases increase every year where as much as 65 baby dumping cases has increased to 83 cases in the year 2006. In the first five months, almost every day there are reports on dumped baby cases. Year 2010 also known as Year of Baby Dumping cases and this has brought a lots of question and issues. Surely, all of us have heard about fruit season and others, but do you ever heard of baby dumping season? New Year celebration and Valentine’s Day are known as mating season nowadays which leads to unwanted pregnancies among youth and obviously, leads to baby dumping cases which can be easily read in the mass media. Reason to listen * The news nowadays are so horrifying such as ‘’Body of Baby Found in Dustbin’’, ‘’Dogs Found Baby in Trash Bag’’ and many others. The case of baby dumping has been more serious from time to time in Malaysia. Thesis statement * Baby dumping especially among youth is a serious social crisis and has a chronic increase in Malaysia. Credibility statement * The baby dumping case has touched my heart upon seeing the pictures of the baby being dumped in a very unethical and inhuman way. * I have read and studied about baby dumping in Malaysia, and have done research on the Internet. Preview of main point * First I will discuss about the cause of baby dumping * Second, I will discuss about the effect of baby dumping * And lastly, I will discuss about the possible prevention of baby dumping cases I. There are several causes that may lead to baby dumping cases that have been identified from various studies Extreme celebration of certain events * The occasions were celebrated in a very extreme manner and indirectly encourage to free sex which resulted in baby dumping cases. * Those extreme celebration is originated from the west which ‘’did not sit well’’ with our culture in Malaysia. Sexual abuse * They are usually dumping their babies due to the feeling of being betrayed by the baby’s father and also the feeling of being used. * If the woman is being sexually abuse, they are tending to disposed before or after the child’s birth. Loosening of social problem * Due to high phase of modernisation and development, social control system has become loosening up. * Neighbourliness, which should become an agent of social control system to curtail the social ills has become waning. * Schools are also not being sensitive to the students as they are engrossed to the academic and examination result. * Parents did not well-supervise their child as they tend to believe that their children are good and due to time constraints as many parents are working. * Lack of sex education and pornography also leads to the baby dumping cases. Transition: Now that I’ve discussed the causes of baby dumping, I will now discuss the effect of baby dumping case. Baby dumping will directly affect three parties that are the mothers, baby and the society itself Effect to the mother * The mother’s may have the risk of death due to the bleeding during the child’s birth. * They will be expelled from schools or educational institutions * Will be charged for attempting murder if the baby were still alive and charge for murder penalty if the baby is dead. * Feeling pressure from family, friends and the surrounding and most importantly is the feeling of guilty. Effect to the baby * The baby unable to grow up in a proper way, feel unloved and alone. * They also may have the possibilities of having birth defect and low body immunity. Effect to the society * It will bring bad image to the society Transition: now that we had known the cause of baby dumping, let’s move on to the next main point that is the prevention of baby dumping cases. Responsibilities of preventing baby dumping cases lies on the shoulder of everyone Individual * By being close to the religion, it can prevent the youth from get stuck on social ills such as free sex that leads to baby dumping. * Take a maximum care and control yourself. Parents, society and schools * Parents and the schools need to play important roles to teach their child to become good in behaviour. * They need to educate their child, not frightening them so that if they are having problems and difficulties, they are not hiding it from the parents. * Teaching them to stay out from sexual relationships * Conclusion A. Review of main points * Today I have discussed about: i. The cause of baby dumping ii. The effect of baby dumping iii. The possible solution for baby dumping cases B. Restate thesis * Baby dumping especially among youth is a serious social crisis and has a chronic increase in Malaysia. Closure * As the conclusion, baby dumping cases will not end without any solution or intervention from all as we do not want any more babies to die. * It is true that baby dumping case is the prevention of baby dumping lies in the shoulder of the parents, school and society to tackle it, however, it stills boil down to individual responsibility. The youths need to take full control and take a maximum care towards their self. * Everyone has the chance to change their self. As quoted by Zig Ziglar; ‘’If you don’t like who you are and where you are, don’t worry about it because you’re not stuck either with who you are or where you are. You can grow. You can change .You can be more than you are.’’

15 News Writing Rules for Beginning Journalism Students

Gathering information for a news article is vitally important, of course, but so is writing the story. The best information, put together in an overly intricate construction using SAT words and dense writing, can be difficult to digest for readers looking for a quick news fix. There are rules for news writing that result in a clear, direct presentation, providing information efficiently and accessibly to a variety of readers. Some of these rules conflict with what you might have learned in English Lit. Heres a list of 15 rules for beginning news writers, based on the problems that crop most frequently: Tips for News Writing Generally speaking, the lede, or introduction to the story, should be a single sentence of 35 to 45 words that summarizes the main points of the story, not a seven-sentence monstrosity that looks like its out of a Jane Austen novel.The lede should summarize the story from start to finish. So if youre writing about a fire that destroyed a building and left 18 people homeless, that must be in the lede. Writing something like A fire started in a building last night doesnt have enough vital information.Paragraphs in news stories should generally be no more than one or two sentences each, not the seven or eight sentences you probably wrote for freshman English. Short paragraphs are easier to cut when editors are working on a tight deadline, and they look less imposing on the page.Sentences should be kept relatively short, and whenever possible use the subject-verb-object formula. Backward constructions are harder to read.Always cut unnecessary words. For example, Firefighters arrived at t he blaze and were able to put it out within about 30 minutes can be shortened to Firefighters doused the blaze in 30 minutes.Dont use complicated-sounding words when simpler ones will do. A laceration is a cut; a contusion is a bruise; an abrasion is a scrape. A news story should be understandable to everyone.Dont use the first-person I in news stories.  In Associated Press style, punctuation almost always goes inside quotation marks. Example: We arrested the suspect, Detective John Jones said. (Note the placement of the comma.)News stories are generally written in the past tense.Avoid the use of too many adjectives. Theres no need to write the white-hot blaze or the brutal murder. We know fire is hot and that killing someone is generally pretty brutal. Those adjectives are unnecessary.Dont use phrases such as thankfully, everyone escaped the fire unhurt. Obviously, its good that people werent hurt. Your readers can figure that out for themselves.Never inject your opinions into a hard-news story. Save your thoughts for a review or editorial.When you first refer to someone in a story, use the full name and job title if applicable. On all subsequent references, use just the last name. So it would be Lt. Jane Jones when you first mention her in your story, but after that, it would simply be Jones. The only exception is if two people with the same last name are in your story, in which case you could use their full names. Reporters generally dont use honorifics such as Mr. or Mrs. in AP style. (A notable exception is The New York Times.)Dont repeat information.Dont summarize the story at the end by repeating whats already been said. Try to find information for the conclusion that advances the story.